This paper reviews methods used to estimate the disease burden associated with household air pollution and critically evaluates epidemiological and intervention-related evidence, and identifies areas for future research, emphasizing the need for equitable access to clean energy, especially in LMICs.

We propose a set of policies that multilateral agencies, governments, funders, researchers, and nongovernmental organizations can pursue to assess how renewable energy should complement LPG in expanding energy access. This agenda is intended to help ensure a clean, healthful, equitable, and sustainable energy future for all.

Using case studies, we show LPG has climate and health benefits as a transitional clean fuel for households where potentially cleaner and more sustainable solutions, like cooking with electricity, are not yet feasible (and not yet clean given current grid mixes).

A multidisciplinary group of international researchers, public health practitioners, and policymakers with expertise in household air pollution reviewed a literature search, convened four sessions via web conference, and developed consensus conclusions and recommendations via the Delphi method.